Investigación-acción-participativa sobre empoderamiento en mujeres mayores: un análisis teórico-metodológico / Participatory Action Research on empowerment in older women: a theoretical-methodological analysis

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar conceptual y metodológicamente el uso de la investigación-acción-participativa (IAP), a través de una investigación de campo, con el fin de aumentar los conocimientos sobre el mismo, e ilustrar sus fortalezas y debilidades para favorecer su uso en Ciencias de la Salud.Dentro de la metodología cualitativa, la IAP se puede utilizar como herramienta de análisis del cambio y de transformación, cuyo objetivo es la emancipación y liberación de las personas que se encuentran en un determinado contexto social opresivo.Se realiza la valoración de este enfoque en base a una investigación de campo con mujeres mayores que buscaba mejorar su autocuidado a través del empoderamiento. Para ello, se desarrolló una IAP compuesta por 22 sesiones y dos llamadas telefónicas individuales donde se utilizaron herramientas de generación de datos cualitativas y cuantitativas; todo ello mediante la modalidad más crítica de la IAP. En un ejercicio de reflexividad, se detectan modificaciones y mejoras en la intervención para trabajar con mujeres mayores en futuras investigaciones.El análisis realizado permite generar nuevo conocimiento sobre la IAP para futuras investigaciones gracias a la identificación de puntos críticos: el vínculo generado, la adaptación de herramientas a las mujeres mayores y el manejo del elevado volumen de datos que se produce.(AU)

This article aims to conceptually and methodologically analyse the use of Participatory Action Research (PAR), through field research, in order to increase knowledge about it, and to illustrate its strengths and weaknesses to encourage its use in Health Sciences.Within qualitative methodology, PAR can be used as a tool for the analysis of change and transformation, whose objective is the emancipation and liberation of people who find themselves in an oppressive social context.The assessment of this approach is based on field research with older women who sought to improve their self-care through empowerment. For this purpose, PAR was undertaken, consisting of 22 sessions and two individual telephone calls where qualitative and quantitative data generation tools were used; all this through the most critical modality of PAR. In an exercise of reflexivity, modifications and improvements in the intervention were detected to work with older women in future research.The analysis carried out makes it possible to generate new knowledge on PAR for future research thanks to the identification of critical points: the link generated, the adaptation of tools to older women, and the handling of the high volume of data produced.(AU)

Promoting empowerment and self-care in older women through participatory action research: Analysis of the process of change.

AIM: To generate and understand the process of change in the empowerment of women from 60 to 80 years old through a Participatory Action Research. SPECIFIC AIM: To analyse the women participants' experiences concerning empowerment and self-care. DESIGN: We use the Participatory Action Research approach (in its critical option) in the Socio-critical Paradigm and applying the Kemmis and McTaggart Model. METHODS: A group of 10 women participants from 60 to 80 years old was created and developed the Participatory Action Research from June 2019 to May 2020. This group was involved in 22 group sessions, individual interviews, reflective diaries and triangulation with quantitative data. RESULTS: Findings were interpreted based on the Gestalt Self Theory. Women generated changes in their empowerment based on three characteristics (self-determination, self-esteem and self-confidence) and, consequently, in their self-care. They did so according to two distinct patterns of behaviour: Leader women and follower women. The former took the lead in transforming their realities and the latter observed them and evolved in a slower and more reflective manner. These changes had an impact on the most individual level (inner world) and went beyond that barrier, modifying in turn their immediate surroundings and the social level (outer world). CONCLUSIONS: The group of older women began to consider their needs and consider themselves as important once they worked on their self-determination, self-esteem and self-confidence; we show these are key aspects to work on their empowerment and promote their self-care. IMPACT: The patterns of behaviour and dimensions of empowerment detected may help in future research designs and emancipatory community interventions in this population group.

Participatory Action Research on empowerment in older women: A theoretical-methodological analysis.

This article aims to conceptually and methodologically analyse the use of Participatory Action Research (PAR), through field research, in order to increase knowledge about it, and to illustrate its strengths and weaknesses to encourage its use in Health Sciences. Within qualitative methodology, PAR can be used as a tool for the analysis of change and transformation, whose objective is the emancipation and liberation of people who find themselves in an oppressive social context. The assessment of this approach is based on field research with older women who sought to improve their self-care through empowerment. For this purpose, PAR was undertaken, consisting of 22 sessions and two individual telephone calls where qualitative and quantitative data generation tools were used; all this through the most critical modality of PAR. In an exercise of reflexivity, modifications and improvements in the intervention were detected to work with older women in future research. The analysis carried out makes it possible to generate new knowledge on PAR for future research thanks to the identification of critical points: the link generated, the adaptation of tools to older women, and the handling of the high volume of data produced.

Promoción de la actividad física en mujeres mayores. Un estudio cualitativo con perspectiva de género / Promoting physical activity in older women. A qualitative study with a gender perspective

Objetivos: Conocer las estrategias profesionales utilizadas para lapromoción y adherencia de la práctica de actividad física entre lasmujeres mayores. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con enfoquesociocrítico feminista y perspectiva de género mediante 3 grupos focales y2 entrevistas en profundidad. Participaron 26 profesionales del ámbito deatención primaria y monitores de actividades físicas (el 54% enfermeras).Análisis interpretativo de contenido y uso del programa informáticoMAXQDA-18. Resultados: Surgieron 2 categorías y 7 subcategorías.Los/las profesionales definieron el vínculo que existe entre la actividadfísica y las mujeres mayores a partir de los estereotipos de géneroque perciben que se han ido construyendo histórica y culturalmentealrededor de ellas, centrados principalmente en el rol de cuidadoras y enla identidad social entre iguales. Utilizan estrategias para incentivar lapráctica de actividad física basadas en la comunicación, experimentación,personalización, fortalecimiento de redes comunitarias y suempoderamiento. Conclusiones: Las mujeres mayores actuales presentanun vínculo con la actividad física marcado por estereotipos de génerotradicionales más alejados de beneficios físicos, pero cercanos a interesessociales y de identidad. Los/las participantes se apoyan en las experienciasde estas mujeres para la toma de conciencia de su autocuidado a travésde la actividad física y de la socialización. Estos hallazgos, que relacionanla actividad física con los estereotipos femeninos de socialización entreiguales, así como la responsabilidad y cuidado de su propia salud, sonlos que pueden ayudar a los/las profesionales a conseguir la satisfacción yadherencia en las mujeres mayores con la práctica. (AU)

Objectives: To understand the professional strategies usedto promote and adherence to the physical activity practiceamong older women. Methodology: Qualitative study witha feminist socio-critical approach and gender perspectivethrough three focus groups and two in-depth interviews.Twenty-six primary care professionals and fitness instructorparticipated (54% nurses). Interpretative content analysis anduse of the MAXQDA-18 software. Results: Two categoriesand seven subcategories emerged. Professionals defined thelink between physical activity and older women based on thegender stereotypes they perceived to have been historicallyand culturally constructed focusing mainly on the role ofcaregivers and social identity among equals. They use strategiesto encourage physical activity practice based on communication,experimentation, personalisation, enhancing communitynetworks and their empowerment. Conclusions: Currentolder women present a link with physical activity markedby traditional gender stereotypes that are more distant fromphysical benefits but closer to social and identity interests.Participants draw on these women’s experiences of self-careawareness through physical activity and socialisation. Thesefindings, which link physical activity with female stereotypesof peer socialisation as well as responsibility and care for one’sown health, can help practitioners to achieve older women’ssatisfaction and adherence with the practice. (AU)

Mensajes para una Navidad diferente marcada por la COVID. Una experiencia comunitaria en los centros de Atención Primaria del Área VII de Salud de Murcia / Messages for a different Christmas characterized by COVID-19. A community experience in Primary Health Care centres in Murcia Health Area VII

Objetivo: Explorar los sentimientos, emociones y forma de celebrar de las personas participantes en la Navidad 2020-2021 condicionada por la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: La actividad se desarrolló en siete centros de Atención Primaria del Servicio Murciano de Salud, desde el 16 de diciembre de 2020 hasta el 7 de enero de 2021. Participaron voluntariamente las personas que acudieron a los centros en el período de estudio, anotando qué tenían de especial esas Navidades en cartulinas que decoraban un árbol de Navidad. Se hizo un análisis interpretativo del contenido de las frases escritas, y su posterior codificación y categorización. Resultados: Se recogieron 151 cartulinas escritas y se establecieron tres categorías: 1) desiderata navideña: tradición, normalidad y solidaridad; 2) las Navidades que nos han hecho valorar lo realmente importante; y 3) disposición para mejorar la resiliencia. Conclusiones: A pesar de las restricciones, las personas participantes encontraron otras maneras de seguir celebrando la Navidad con una actitud positiva y resiliente y con la creencia de que volverá la normalidad. (AU)

Objective: To explore participants´ feelings, emotions and way of celebrating Christmas 2020-2021 conditioned by the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. The activity was carried out in seven Murcia Health Service primary care centres from 16 December 2020 to 7 January 2021. People who attended the centres during the study period took part voluntarily. They wrote down what was special about Christmas on cardboards that were then used to decorate a Christmas tree. The content of the written sentences and subsequent coding and categorization was analyzed in an interpretative manner. Results. A total of 151 written cards were collected and three categories were established: Christmas Desiderata: tradition, normality and solidarity; Christmas Seasons that have made us value what is really important; and Disposition to improve resilience. Conclusions. Despite the restrictions, participants found other ways to continue celebrating Christmas with a positive and resilient attitude and a belief that normality will return. (AU)

[Active-Murcia program: secondary analysis, with a gender perspective, on the quality of life of participating women.] / Programa Activa-Murcia: análisis secundario, con perspectiva de género, sobre la calidad de vida en mujeres participantes.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays sedentarism has become a public health issue, as a matter of gender and age. Older women are more sedentary, which affects their Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Activa-Murcia Program impact over the Quality of life in women participating in it. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective descriptive study within a gender perspective was carried out, including women who had participated in the Activa-Murcia Program. A SF-36 Survey of Quality of Life has been evaluated, scoring age range in three different stages and the enviroment in which they live. An analysis of repeated measurements was carried aout using ANOVA, and the Bonferroni Test was used for the pairwise analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 1,140 women. "Overall health" dimension improved up to 3 points, except in women over 60. Score highed inversely proportional to their age in the following dimensions: "Vitality" in 9.9, 6.2 and 3.9; "Mental health" in 7.7, 5.6 and 3.7; "Declared health evolution" in 11.2, 8.6. and 7.6. Women between 30-44 years old living in rural areas and those over 60 living in urban areas did not improve in "Social functions". Dealing with "Emotional Role", women between 30-44 and women between 45-59 in urban areas improved (p<0.05). There was a statistical asociation between being highly aged and improving less in "Vitality", "Emotional Role" and "Mental health". CONCLUSIONS: As women were getting older improve less in the dimensions of quality of life; so that could show, among others, an empowerment deficit.

OBJETIVO: El sedentarismo es un problema de Salud Pública, influenciado por brechas de género y edad. Las mujeres mayores son más sedentarias, lo que repercute en su calidad de vida. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del Programa Activa-Murcia sobre la calidad de Vida de las participantes en dicho programa. METODOS: Se realizó un análisis secundario con perspectiva de género de un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de una cohorte de mujeres que habían participado en el Programa Activa-Murcia, evaluándose las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 y las puntuaciones según tres franjas etarias y el ámbito en el que vivían. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas mediante ANOVA, y para el análisis por pares se utilizó el Test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: La muestra la componían 1.140 mujeres. La dimensión "Salud General" mejoró alrededor de 3 puntos, excepto en las mayores de 60 años. Aumentaron las puntuaciones de forma inversamente proporcional a la edad en siguientes dimensiones: "Vitalidad", en 9,9, 6,2 y 3,9 puntos; "Salud Mental", en 7,7, 5,6 y 3,7 puntos; y "Evolución Declarada de Salud", en 11,2, 8,6 y 7,6 puntos. Las mujeres entre 30-44 años rurales y las mayores de 60 años urbanas no mejoraron en "Función Social". Sobre el "Rol Emocional", las mujeres entre 30-44 años y las mujeres entre 45-59 años de zona urbana mejoraban (p<0,05). Existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener mayor edad y mejorar menos en "Vitalidad", "Rol Emocional" y "Salud Mental". CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres mayores mejoran menos en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, lo que podría indicar, entre otros motivos, un déficit de empoderamiento.

Programa Activa-Murcia: análisis secundario, con perspectiva de género, sobre la calidad de vida en mujeres participantes / Active-Murcia program: secondary analysis, with a gender perspective, on the quality of life of participating women

OBJETIVO: El sedentarismo es un problema de Salud Pública, influenciado por brechas de género y edad. Las mujeres mayores son más sedentarias, lo que repercute en su calidad de vida. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto del Programa Activa-Murcia sobre la calidad de Vida de las participantes en dicho programa. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis secundario con perspectiva de género de un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo de una cohorte de mujeres que habían participado en el Programa Activa-Murcia, evaluándose las dimensiones del Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 y las puntuaciones según tres franjas etarias y el ámbito en el que vivían. Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas mediante ANOVA, y para el análisis por pares se utilizó el Test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: La muestra la componían 1.140 mujeres. La dimensión "Salud General" mejoró alrededor de 3 puntos, excepto en las mayores de 60 años. Aumentaron las puntuaciones de forma inversamente proporcional a la edad en siguientes dimensiones: "Vitalidad", en 9,9, 6,2 y 3,9 puntos; "Salud Mental", en 7,7, 5,6 y 3,7 puntos; y "Evolución Declarada de Salud", en 11,2, 8,6 y 7,6 puntos. Las mujeres entre 30-44 años rurales y las mayores de 60 años urbanas no mejoraron en "Función Social". Sobre el "Rol Emocional", las mujeres entre 30-44 años y las mujeres entre 45-59 años de zona urbana mejoraban (p < 0,05). Existió asociación estadísticamente significativa entre tener mayor edad y mejorar menos en "Vitalidad", "Rol Emocional" y "Salud Mental". CONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres mayores mejoran menos en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, lo que podría indicar, entre otros motivos, un déficit de empoderamiento

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays sedentarism has become a public health issue, as a matter of gender and age. Older women are more sedentary, which affects their Quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Activa-Murcia Program impact over the Quality of life in women participating in it. METHODS: Longitudinal retrospective descriptive study within a gender perspective was carried out, including women who had participated in the Activa-Murcia Program. A SF-36 Survey of Quality of Life has been evaluated, scoring age range in three different stages and the enviroment in which they live. An analysis of repeated measurements was carried aout using ANOVA, and the Bonferroni Test was used for the pairwise analysis. RESULTS: The sample included 1,140 women. "Overall health" dimension improved up to 3 points, except in women over 60. Score highed inversely proportional to their age in the following dimensions: "Vitality" in 9.9, 6.2 and 3.9; "Mental health" in 7.7, 5.6 and 3.7; "Declared health evolution" in 11.2, 8.6. and 7.6. Women between 30-44 years old living in rural areas and those over 60 living in urban areas did not improve in "Social functions". Dealing with "Emotional Role", women between 30-44 and women between 45-59 in urban areas improved (p < 0.05). There was a statistical asociation between being highly aged and improving less in "Vitality", "Emotional Role" and "Mental health". CONCLUSIONS: As women were getting older improve less in the dimensions of quality of life; so that could show, among others, an empowerment deficit

Difficulties and motivations for physical exercise in women older than 65 years. A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: to identify difficulties and motivations for the practice of physical exercise in women older than 65 years. METHOD: qualitative study based on the phenomenological theory, with focus groups and in-depth interviews. The nursing staff selected 15 women by intentional sampling using the following criteria: age, time dedicated to physical exercise, independence, and absence of cognitive impairment and contraindication for this activity. Two focus groups were formed (one of them did physical exercise for less than 150 minutes per week and the other at least 150 minutes per week) in addition to conducting five in-depth interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data was performed through transcription, coding, categorization, and verification of results. RESULTS: the difficulties to start and develop physical exercise were circumscribed to the perception of poor health and lack of free time; both circumstances result from care obligation, being represented as a gender imposition. However, the motivations are related to perception of strength, need for socialization, and perception of autonomy and freedom. CONCLUSIONS: the ideological representation of gender determines the women's decision to exercise. Knowing the meaning and significance that women give to health and their role in the socio-family environment allows nurses to develop relationships and interventions to encourage the practice of physical exercise.

Difficulties and motivations for physical exercise in women older than 65 years. A qualitative study / Dificuldades e motivações para o exercício físico em mulheres idosas. Um estudo qualitativo / Dificultades y motivaciones para el ejercicio físico en mujeres mayores de 65 años. Un estudio cualitativo

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify difficulties and motivations for the practice of physical exercise in women older than 65 years. Method: qualitative study based on the phenomenological theory, with focus groups and in-depth interviews. The nursing staff selected 15 women by intentional sampling using the following criteria: age, time dedicated to physical exercise, independence, and absence of cognitive impairment and contraindication for this activity. Two focus groups were formed (one of them did physical exercise for less than 150 minutes per week and the other at least 150 minutes per week) in addition to conducting five in-depth interviews. Qualitative analysis of the data was performed through transcription, coding, categorization, and verification of results. Results: the difficulties to start and develop physical exercise were circumscribed to the perception of poor health and lack of free time; both circumstances result from care obligation, being represented as a gender imposition. However, the motivations are related to perception of strength, need for socialization, and perception of autonomy and freedom. Conclusions: the ideological representation of gender determines the women's decision to exercise. Knowing the meaning and significance that women give to health and their role in the socio-family environment allows nurses to develop relationships and interventions to encourage the practice of physical exercise.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar dificuldades e motivações para a prática de exercício físico em mulheres com mais de 65 anos. Método: estudo qualitativo baseado na teoria fenomenológica com grupos focais e entrevistas em profundidade. A enfermagem selecionou 15 mulheres por amostragem intencional com critérios de idade, tempo dedicado ao exercício físico, independentes, sem deterioração cognitiva e sem contra-indicação para a atividade. Foram estudados dois grupos focais (um realizava menos de 150 minutos semanais de exercício físico e outro no mínimo 150 minutos semanais), além de cinco entrevistas em profundidade. Análise qualitativa dos dados mediante transcrição, codificação, categorização e verificação dos resultados. Resultados: as dificuldades para o início e desenvolvimento do exercício físico ficam circunscritas à percepção de má saúde e à falta de tempo livre, resultado da obrigação do cuidado, representado como um mandato de gênero. Porém, as motivações estão relacionadas à percepção de fortaleza, necessidade de socialização, percepção de autonomia e liberdade. Conclusões: a representação ideológica do gênero determina a decisão para realizar exercício. Conhecer o sentido e o significado que as mulheres dão à saúde e ao seu papel no âmbito sócio familiar, permite que as enfermeiras desenvolvam relações e intervenções para a prática do exercício físico.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar dificultades y motivaciones para la práctica de ejercicio físico en mujeres mayores de 65 años. Método: estudio cualitativo basado en la teoría fenomenológica con grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad. La enfermería seleccionó 15 mujeres por muestreo intencional utilizando criterios de: edad, tiempo dedicado al ejercicio físico, independencia, sin deterioro cognitivo y sin contraindicación para esta actividad. Se formaron dos grupos focales (uno realizaba menos de 150 minutos semanales de ejercicio físico y el otro al menos 150 minutos semanales) además de realizar cinco entrevistas en profundidad. Análisis cualitativo de los datos mediante transcripción, codificación, categorización y verificación de resultados. Resultados: las dificultades para el inicio y desarrollo del ejercicio físico quedan circunscritas a la percepción de mala salud y falta de tiempo libre; que es resultado de la obligación de cuidar, representado como una imposición de género. Sin embargo, las motivaciones están relacionadas con percepción de fortaleza, necesidad de socialización, percepción de autonomía y libertad. Conclusiones: la representación ideológica de género determina la decisión para realizar ejercicio. Conocer el sentido y significado que las mujeres dan a la salud y su papel en el ámbito socio familiar permite a las enfermeras desarrollar relaciones e intervenciones para incentivar la práctica del ejercicio físico.

Enfermera Gestora de Casos del Servicio Murciano de Salud: un año de puesta en marcha del programa / Nurse Case Manager Murcia Health Service: a year of program implementation

Los objetivos que se plantean son describir los procesos claves de la enfermera gestora de casos (EGC) en un año de puesta en marcha del programa. Conocer el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de la población diana y conocer la sobrecarga en el cuidador familiar. El estudio es observacional descriptivo y transversal en el Área IX de salud Murcia desde el 1 de junio de 2010 hasta 31 mayo de 2011. Se realiza mapa de procesos de la EGC, identificación de pacientes con OMI-AP y CIVITAS, y se realiza visita en consulta y/o domiciliaria para valoración inicial con datos sociodemográficos, 11 patrones funcionales de M. Gordon, y cuestionarios validados. El número de personas captadas es de 258 pacientes y 115 cuidadoras. La población con EPOC representa un 22,9%. El 63,9% de pacientes tienen valoración completa realizada. El patrón actividad y ejercicio es el más alterado. Los pacientes tienen una media de edad de 74 ± 15 años. Las mujeres predominan en la población diana general 54,7%. El 87,2% presenta algún grado de dependencia, existe un mayor porcentaje con dependencia severa. La media de edad de la cuidadora familiar, es 59 ± 13 años, de las cuales, el 40% de las cuidadoras familiares no tienen sobrecarga. La población captada supone un 5,3% de la población compleja. Desde la incorporación de la EGC, ha aumentado el registro de las valoraciones por patrones, tanto de pacientes como de cuidadoras. La población captada está envejecida, frágil, con un nivel de dependencia severo, preferentemente es mujer, con cuidadora familiar (mujer) donde son más frecuentes las que no tienen sobrecarga (AU)

The objectives of this paper are to describe the fundamental processes of the nurse case manager in a year of the program, to know the sociodemographic and clinical profile of the target population and the strain on the caregiver. Methodology: This observational, descriptive and transversal study has been made in the health area of Murcia IX from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2011. It describes the process maps of the nurse case manager; patients are identified through OMI-AP software and CIVITAS. Home visits are conducted to measure the social and demographic patterns, to perform evaluation through M. Gordon functional patterns and to apply validated questionnaires. The number of people who enter into the program is 258 patients and 115 care givers. The population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease represents 22.9% ; 63.9% of patients have made full assessment. Results: The functional pattern that measures activity and exercise is the most altered. Patients have a mean age of 74 ± 15 years. Women predominate in the overall target population 54.7%; 87.2% have some degree of dependence, there are a higher percentage of patients with severe dependence. The average age of caregivers is 59 ± 13 years, of which, 40 % of family caregivers are not overloaded. The target population represented 5.3% of the population more vulnerable. Since the introduction of case manager, registration of functional patterns in medical records of patients and caregivers has increased. The aging population is high, fragile, with a severe dependence level, preferably female, with family caregivers (women) without overloading conclusions (AU)

Un estudio cualitativo para conocer las características que definen y mejoran la formación en comunicación asistencial e interprofesional / A study with focus groups to understand the characteristics that define and improve training in health care and inter-professional communication

Objetivo: Identificar características, dificultades y necesidades de formación en comunicación asistencial e interprofesional de los profesionales sanitarios y descubrir mecanismos de mejora y perfil docente deseable para la implantación de una línea estratégica de formación. Material y método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo desarrollado entre septiembre de 2006 y julio de 2007 a iniciativa de la Dirección General de Asistencia Sanitaria del Servicio Murciano de Salud y la Dirección General de Calidad Asistencial, Formación e Investigación Sanitaria de la Consejería de Sanidad de Murcia, España. Participaron 11 médicos, 5 enfermeros, 1 psicólogo y 1 periodista de atención primaria y especializada y la Consejería de Sanidad de Murcia. Se utilizaron dos grupos focales con muestreo por saturación estructural, registro de los discursos en soporte audiovisual, transcripción literal y análisis de contenido. Resultados: Es preciso potenciar cambios de actitud y adquirir herramientas para la adecuada atención de situaciones cotidianas. También es necesario replantear temas y enfoques, definir el perfil de los docentes y desarrollar mecanismos de colaboración y motivación. La formación en comunicación asistencial e interprofesional es fundamental aunque escasa, autodidacta, poco estructurada y generalista. Presenta dificultades relacionadas con la asistencia, la difusión y el reconocimiento. Conclusiones: Una línea estratégica de formación en comunicación debe fundamentarse en una perspectiva humana. Su integración debe ser asumida por la institución y ser universal a partir de los intereses y las necesidades sentidas y expresadas por los profesionales y los ciudadanos

Objective: To identify the characteristics, needs and difficulties of training of health professionals in health care and inter-professional communication and discover mechanisms for improvement and a desirable educational profile for implementing a training strategy.Material and method: Qualitative, descriptive and interpretive study carried out between September 2006 and July 2007 at the initiative of the Dirección General de Asistencia Sanitaria-Servicio Murciano de Salud (SMS) and the Dirección General de Calidad Asistencial,Formación e Investigación Sanitaria-Consejería de Sanidad of Murcia, Spain. Participants included 11 doctors, 5 nurses, 1 psychologist and 1 primary and specialised care journalist and the Consejería de Sanidad of Murcia. 2 focus groups were used withsampling by structural saturation, recording of speeches on audiovisual support, verbatim transcript and content analysis.Results: We must encourage attitude changes and acquire the tools for proper care in everyday situations. It is also necessary to rethink subject matter and approaches, define the profile of teachers and develop collaboration and motivation mechanisms. Training in health care communication and inter-professional communication iscrucial but it is limited, self-taught, poorly structured and generalistic. It has difficulties associated with attendance, outreach and recognition.Conclusions: A strategic plan for training communication must be based on a human perspective. Its integration must be undertaken by the institution, and universal with the interests and needs felt and expressed by professionals and citizens

[Not Available]. / Un estudio cualitativo para conocer las características que definen y mejoran la formación en comunicación asistencial e interprofesional.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the characteristics, needs and difficulties of training of health professionals in health care and inter-professional communication and discover mechanisms for improvement and a desirable educational profile for implementing a training strategy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Qualitative, descriptive and interpretive study carried out between September 2006 and July 2007 at the initiative of the Dirección General de Asistencia Sanitaria-Servicio Murciano de Salud (SMS) and the Dirección General de Calidad Asistencial, Formación e Investigación Sanitaria-Consejería de Sanidad of Murcia, Spain. Participants included 11 doctors, 5 nurses, 1 psychologist and 1 primary and specialised care journalist and the Consejería de Sanidad of Murcia. 2 focus groups were used with sampling by structural saturation, recording of speeches on audiovisual support, verbatim transcript and content analysis. RESULTS: We must encourage attitude changes and acquire the tools for proper care in everyday situations. It is also necessary to rethink subject matter and approaches, define the profile of teachers and develop collaboration and motivation mechanisms. Training in health care communication and inter-professional communication is crucial but it is limited, self-taught, poorly structured and generalistic. It has difficulties associated with attendance, outreach and recognition. CONCLUSIONS: A strategic plan for training communication must be based on a human perspective. Its integration must be undertaken by the institution, and universal with the interests and needs felt and expressed by professionals and citizens.